A Complete Manual of Newborn Care [Full Version]

To welcome a new life, in addition to preparing clothing, food, housing, transportation and other supplies for the upcoming baby, parents must also learn various ways to take care of the baby before the baby arrives, so as to avoid being confused and overwhelmed after the baby is born. Lesson 1: Tips on breastfeeding breast milk or formula milk: After feeding a newborn, it is very important to burp it, as it can effectively reduce the incidence of spitting up and overflowing milk. Dr. Xu Youjia: A complete e-book of children\’s health care knowledge and dietary therapy [Ultra-definition full-color version] \”Sucking\” is one of the basic abilities of babies. Through sucking, babies can obtain the nutrients they need for growth. Whether you are a new parent who is breastfeeding or formula feeding, you should have basic feeding concepts so that your baby can eat smoothly and healthily. Tips: Breastfeeding: Feed about every 2 hours. Feeding formula: Feed approximately every 4 hours. 4 Correct Breastfeeding Postures When breastfeeding, mothers can try different postures to let their babies suck milk. 1. Sitting posture (cradle holding method) Posture reminder: Sit on the bed in a comfortable posture, or find a chair with a back and armrests and sit against the back of the chair. 2. Reclining posture reminder: Recline on the bed in a comfortable position, with pillows on your legs and back, so that the baby\’s head lies on your arms. 3. Football Hold Position Posture Reminder: This position is suitable for mothers with twins, babies with problems latching on to the breast, blocked breast ducts, or cesarean section. The mother\’s arms are wrapped around the bottom of the baby\’s body, using her palm and wrist to hold the bottom of the baby\’s body, using the other palm and wrist to hold the baby\’s head, and supporting the baby\’s body with her entire arms. 4. Lying on your side (the best position for breastfeeding at night or after a caesarean section) Posture reminder: The mother lies on her side, face to face with the baby, the mother\’s abdomen is in contact with the baby\’s abdomen, and the baby\’s head is close to the mother\’s breast. 5 Steps to Prepare Formula Milk Correctly When feeding your baby formula milk, it is recommended that new parents follow the following 5 steps, so that the baby can eat hygienically and safely. 1. Prepare utensils: sterilizer, large pot with lid, feeding bottles, nipples, and nipple caps. It is recommended to prepare 6-8 feeding bottles, a brush (1) for washing the feeding bottles, and tweezers (for holding feeding bottles and nipples). 2. Disinfection method: First wash your hands with soap, fill a clean sterilizing pot with 8 minutes of water, and prepare to heat it. Put heat-resistant glass bottles, tweezers and other utensils into a pot with cold water and boil for 10 minutes. Then wrap less heat-resistant utensils including nipples, milk caps, nipple rings, etc. with gauze and put them in for 5-10 minutes. Then place the sterilized bottle in a clean place to dry before use. 3. Brew milk powder with warm water. Pour the required warm water into the bottle (cool the boiled water to about 40°C). Do not use boiling water to brew milk powder, as it may form clots and cause indigestion in your baby. 4. Dissolve the milk powder. Use a spoon to scoop up the milk powder. The scooped up milk powder should be loose and should not be pressed tightly. Then use the \”D-shaped can mouth\” to flatten it and pour it into the bottle mouth. 5. Put on the pacifier and check the temperature and flow rate. Without touching the pacifier with your hands, put it on and try to see how the milk drips out. Place a drop on the inside of your hand to determine the proper temperature. Lesson 2: Sleeping Less than 1 month oldNewborns sleep an average of 15-20 hours a day, which is more than twice that of adults. The baby\’s sleep cycle is quite frequent, with brief awakenings about every 2 hours, and about 7-8 cycles a night, alternating between light sleep and deep sleep. Tips: Newborns are awake for about 2-3 hours every day, and then go to sleep again. 8 reasons why babies have trouble sleeping at night. \”Crying at night\” is sometimes a sign of baby\’s physical discomfort. Here are 8 reasons why babies cry at night. If you eliminate these reasons, your baby can sleep until dawn. 1. Hungry: The stomach capacity of newborns is small, so they eat more frequently. Some newborns need to be fed again in the middle of the night. When parents forget to feed, they will naturally cry. 2. Wet diapers. Newborns need to change about 10 diapers every day. If the baby is crying and restless in the middle of the night, it may be because the diapers are wet. Urine and feces contain irritating substances such as urea and uric acid, which can easily make the baby\’s bottom uncomfortable. Changing diapers can not only prevent diaper rash, but also reduce the baby\’s crying in the middle of the night. 3. Flatulence: Different sizes of nipple holes, poor breastfeeding techniques, and unequal breathing methods will cause the baby to have flatulence symptoms of crying and stopping. At this time, parents can massage the baby\’s abdomen with their palms to relieve the baby\’s discomfort caused by the flatulence. If the situation still cannot be improved, they need to go to the hospital and ask a doctor to prescribe medicine to eliminate the flatulence. 4. Itchy and painful skin. Pay attention to whether the baby has unnoticed wounds such as stab wounds or mosquito bites. Even severely red and swollen diaper rash and atopic dermatitis can cause sudden physical discomfort to the baby. During sleep, it is best for parents to check the baby\’s physical condition in detail to understand the reasons for the baby\’s discomfort. 5. Sleeping too full during the day: Many babies sleep very soundly during the day and cannot fall asleep in the middle of the night. So try not to let your baby sleep for too long during the day to avoid crying at night. 6. Need for a sense of security. Babies will cry to express their opinions when they are too cold or too hot, when their pacifier falls off, when their beloved toy is not at hand, or when they feel they need the care of their parents psychologically. Therefore, the temperature of the baby\’s sleeping environment should be appropriate, and the baby should not be covered with excessive quilts. Parents should hug and comfort the baby in a timely manner to make the baby feel more secure and naturally reduce crying. 7. Maintain a peaceful sleep environment. Parents’ temper and living habits, family atmosphere, and home environment will all affect the baby’s sleep. Try to maintain a quiet and peaceful atmosphere so that the baby can fall asleep in a good mood. 8. The baby is sick a. Intestinal colic. Because the nerves of the intestinal wall of infants and young children are not yet mature before they are 4 months old, the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract is irregular, too fast, and tangled together, causing spasm and pain. The onset time is usually between 4 and 8 o\’clock in the evening, and around midnight. b. Gastrointestinal diseases: Parents should pay attention to their baby\’s defecation status and whether they have not had a bowel movement for several days. (Such as fecal impaction, anal fissure, gastroenteritis, indigestion or inguinal hernia.) c. Infectious diseases If the baby has a fever, it may be a sign of neonatal infection. Common infected organs are respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, secretionUrethral and cranial nervous system. Course 3: Baby Crying and Holding Methods Newly born babies cannot speak or move on their own yet. \”Crying\” is a way for babies to express and communicate. Understanding the baby\’s needs and providing comfort can help the baby feel the care of the parents. What is the baby telling me? Newborns under 3 months old have very low sensitivity to the outside world and usually cry due to physiological reactions, such as hunger, wet diapers, etc. Or he may cry loudly because he is not safe. After all, the baby has just come out of the tightly wrapped womb and is not used to the feeling of being unable to kick things. If a mother finds that her baby\’s crying sound is different from usual, she should pay attention to whether she is feeling unwell. The messages represented by babies crying are multi-faceted and can be roughly divided into three types: 1. Psychological needs: needing someone to accompany them, feeling insecure, and being frightened. 2. Physiological reactions: hungry, wet diaper, sleepy, too hot or too cold. 3. Pathological conditions: colic (abdominal colic), fever. Mom, I want a hug! Studies have pointed out that holding babies will promote their digestive and circulatory systems and also affect their personality development. Therefore, holding the baby is not only for comfort, but also to enhance parent-child interaction and let the baby feel the love of mom and dad. Tips: When the baby cries, the mother should not panic, but calmly comfort the baby, because the baby can feel your panic and irritability. Picking up and putting down the baby Picking up the baby (using the right hand as an example) 1. First use your left hand to gently lift the baby\’s head and neck to create a gap between the baby\’s head and the bed. 2. Use your right hand to put it into the gap and support the baby\’s head and neck. 3. Finally, use your left hand to support the baby\’s buttocks, and then you can safely pick it up. Putting the baby down 1. Put the baby on the bed with both hands, first remove the hand holding the buttocks. 2. Use the hand that originally supported the baby\’s buttocks to help the other hand to gently lower the baby\’s neck. 3 baby holding positions 1. The cradle holding method is suitable for calming emotions and feeding. Place the baby\’s head in the crook of the arm, clasp the baby\’s inner hand with the armpit, and place the lower arm under the baby\’s back and hold it with the palm of the hand. The baby\’s buttocks hold the baby close to your body, which can make the baby feel more secure. 2. The upright holding method is suitable for burping. First pick up the baby and stand upright. Put one arm under the baby\’s buttocks, and support the head and neck with the other hand. Let the baby rest on the chest and head. Lean on your shoulders. When patting your baby, keep your baby\’s head firmly on your shoulders. 3. The rugby-style holding position is suitable for washing hair, cleaning the face, and breastfeeding. Pick up the baby, straighten the baby\’s body facing you, support the baby\’s head and neck with one hand, and then place the baby\’s body under the armpit of the same hand. And hold it with your elbows to keep the baby close to your body. Course 4: Changing diapers requires long-term contact with the baby\’s skin. Therefore, new parents must know how to carefully select diapers suitable for their babies and correctly change their babies\’ diapers. Tablets can also effectively reduce the incidence of red buttocks. 4 Steps to Wear Diapers Correctly It is not easy to put on diapers smoothly. The following provides you with the basic diaper changing instructions.The 5-step video makes it easy for novice parents to get started. 1. First wipe your butt with a wet cloth or wet tissue. When wiping your butt, you must follow the principle of wiping from clean parts to dirty parts (for example: wipe from thighs to both sides of the inside, wipe from genitals to anus, etc.) 2. Lift up Legs, when changing diapers and lifting the baby\’s legs, because the newborn\’s bones are very fragile, the caregiver should not straighten the legs directly upward when lifting the legs, but lift the legs and bend them slightly towards the chest. . 3. Change a new diaper. Gently lift the baby\’s legs. The caregiver should slightly lift the baby\’s butt and feet together to put on a new diaper. 4. Attach the waist patches. After attaching the waist patches on both sides, remember to use your fingers to open the leak-proof sides of the diaper to prevent urine or feces from seeping out. Tips: Newborns should be changed at least 6 times a day. Caregivers and new parents can change the diaper by touching the surface of the diaper (if it feels steamy or heavy). If the baby poops, a new diaper must be changed immediately. 5 major causes of diaper rash Diaper rash, commonly known as \”red butt\”, appears on the skin of infants and young children covered by diapers. It is a red rash caused by an inflammatory reaction of the skin caused by irritation or other causes. The main causes are as follows: 1. The friction between the skin and the diaper causes irritation, redness and swelling. 2. Because the skin surface absorbs too much water due to urine, it is especially easy to be injured after friction, and the epidermis is exposed to water for a long time, which can also easily cause dermatitis. 3. Feces Feces will produce digestive enzymes and cause skin irritation. 4. Microorganisms mainly refer to Candida albicans infection, which causes skin rupture due to stimulation by urine or feces, allowing microorganisms to proliferate. 5. Chemical irritation: excessive use of soap, wet wipes, brighteners on diapers, or washing powder are all possible factors that cause diaper rash. 5 Principles for Easily Choosing Diapers 1. Pay attention to waist and leg circumferences. Before purchasing, you should pay special attention to whether the waist and leg circumferences have widening or stretchable elastic functions, which can reduce the friction of the waist and legs on the diapers. 2. Gentle and good breathability: The baby\’s little buttocks are in contact with the diaper for a long time. Therefore, the breathability and touch of cotton-soft materials are much more comfortable than plastic materials. 3. Wetness display function: Some diapers have a wetness display function, which can remind the caregiver that it is time to change the baby\’s diaper. 4. Strong water absorption. Choosing diapers that are highly absorbent and dry without leakage can effectively reduce the occurrence of red buttocks in babies. 5. Inquire and compare with multiple people. Before purchasing, you can consult experienced parents, relatives and friends, or use a trial version first. Lesson 5: Bathing: Bathing your baby is also a difficult task for many new parents. Since the baby\’s bones are not yet mature and the skin is quite sensitive and delicate, special care should be taken when taking a bath and purchasing bath supplies. 13 steps to take a shower and go! 1. The appropriate water temperature is 38-41°C. 2. Before taking a bath, put cold water first and then hot water. 3. The optimal amount of water is 1/2 a bathtub. 4. First use your hands to check whether the water temperature is suitable for your baby. 5. Take off the baby\’s clothes, wrap it in a large towel and place it on your lap. 6. Use a clean towel soaked in water to clean the baby\’s face. (Do not apply soap or shower gel at this time) 7. When cleaning the baby\’s eyes, it is best to wipe them from the inside out. 8. When washing your baby\’s hair, apply baby shampoo with one hand, hold the baby\’s head with the other hand, gently wipe the head from front to back with a rotating motion, and then scrub clean with water. 9. Before the baby goes into the water, it is best to let the baby have a happy mood. 10. After entering the water, the caregiver should hold the baby\’s armpit firmly with one hand, apply bath essence on the baby with the other hand, and then wash it off with water. 11. Pay attention to cleaning the folds of your baby’s skin. 12. After taking a bath, put the baby on the towel as soon as possible. When wiping the body, pay attention to whether the wrinkles are dry. 13. After drying the whole body, put on a diaper and put on clothes. Tips: 3 Principles of Safe Bathing When bathing a newborn baby, you should pay attention to the following 3 principles: 1. An anti-slip mat should be placed in the safe bathroom. 2. Keep warm. Always pay attention to changes in room temperature. Do not rush to take off your baby\’s clothes to avoid catching a cold. 3. Hygiene Whether it is bathing or washing the baby\’s face, caregivers should wash their hands first before washing. Clean your baby’s eyes, nose, mouth, and nails. When new parents give their baby a bath, don’t forget to clean their eyes, ears, nose, mouth and other parts to keep your baby healthy and clean every day. Too much gum in the eyes can easily cause discomfort to the baby. You can prepare a cotton swab, moisten it with saline or warm water, and gently push it from the inner eyelid to the outer eyelid. Nose If there is too much secretion in the baby\’s nose, you can use a nasal aspirator to clean it. It should be noted that when suctioning one nostril, press the other side of the nose to achieve a better cleaning effect. Orally, dip a clean gauze into warm water, then put the gauze around the index finger and enter the baby\’s mouth to wipe it, which can effectively clean the tongue coating and milk stains. For nails, use baby-specific nail clippers, gently fix the baby\’s fingers, and cut off the white part of the nails. Course 6: Baby’s Dressing Philosophy How to dress your baby is really a big problem for new parents. If the baby wears too much, he will get prickly heat; if he wears too little, he will have runny nose, which makes parents very worried! Tips: After taking a bath, wrap the baby in a large bath towel and dry it thoroughly, paying special attention to the skin folds. If you want to wear more than one piece of clothing, put the clothes together first to shorten the dressing time and prevent your baby from catching cold. Newborn babies\’ hands and feet are often flexed. When putting on clothes, the clothes should be used to accommodate the baby\’s posture, rather than forcing his hands and feet to fit into the clothes, to avoid injury to the baby. Tips for dressing your baby: Put on sleeves: First put one hand through the cuff, hold the baby\’s little hand, and then use the other hand to pull the sleeve inward. To put on a jumper, first roll up the clothes below the collar and open the collar, then gently lift the baby\’s head and put the clothes on. To put on pants, first roll up the trouser leg, pass one hand through the trouser leg, hold the baby\’s feet, and then use the other hand to pull the trouser leg up. After both feet are put on, lift the baby\’s buttocks and pull the pants up. Pull it up and tuck your top into your pants. How much clothing should a baby wear to keep warm? A baby’s basal metabolic rate is higher than that of an adultIf it is high, its body temperature will be slightly higher. At night, their autonomic nerves will be more active, so some babies will sweat all over when sleeping at night. The baby does not need to wear too many clothes, as this will reduce his adaptability to temperature changes. If the baby\’s limbs often feel a little cold to the touch, it is normal as long as the ear temperature and mobility are normal. Therefore, it is enough for babies to dress the same as adults. How to choose suitable clothing? When choosing baby clothes, the primary considerations should be cotton, breathable, sweat-absorbent, soft in texture, and not easy to fade. Underwear: Underwear is in direct contact with the baby\’s delicate skin. It should be made of cotton gauze or cotton cloth. It is best to have a front placket and a small strap to fix it for convenience. The material of tops can be thick or thin, depending on whether the weather is hot or cold. How to clean baby\’s clothes? Baby clothes and adult clothes should be washed separately, and it is best to wash them by hand. Because adults\’ clothes are dirtier and contain more bacteria, and washing machines tend to harbor dirt and grime. If your baby\’s clothes are not particularly dirty, just wash them with clean water. If you want to use detergents, you should also choose ones with natural and harmless ingredients. In particular, avoid ingredients containing benzene, phosphorus compounds, and fluorescent agents. In addition, you should also avoid using bleach and dry cleaning agents to treat your baby\’s clothes. After washing the clothes, they should be dried in a ventilated and sunny place. After they are completely dried, they should be put away to avoid mold. Mothballs should be avoided in your baby\’s clothing storage area because the phenols in mothballs can cause acute hemolytic anemia in babies with favismia. Course 7 Umbilical Cord Care Proper care of the baby\’s umbilical cord can effectively reduce the incidence of infection in the baby. Tips: After bathing and drying, you can perform umbilical cord care all over your body. 6 steps to do umbilical cord care 1. Prepare the baby umbilical cord care package. The umbilical cord care package contains several cotton swabs and a bottle of 95% alcohol. 2. Wash your hands before cleaning. Before caring for the umbilical cord, you should wash your hands with soap and rub them for about 20 seconds to achieve the sterilization effect. 3. Wet the cotton swab with alcohol. First take out the cotton swab and moisten it with 95% alcohol. The cotton swab must be completely wet before starting. 4. Open the baby’s navel. Open the baby’s navel with your hands to expose the baby’s navel root. There are two methods: a. Gently pull the baby\’s umbilical cord with your hands. b. Use your index and middle fingers to spread the skin around the umbilicus. 5. Wipe alcohol cotton. After the root of the baby\’s umbilical cord is exposed, use a cotton swab soaked in 95% alcohol to wipe the root of the umbilical cord, the umbilical cord and the surrounding skin in this order. 6. Fold the diaper outward. After completing the above steps, fold the outer edge of the diaper around the waist to avoid pressing the belly button. 3 principles of umbilical cord care: The umbilical cord will fall off about 1-2 weeks after the baby is born. After it falls off, you can continue to use 75% alcohol to wipe and disinfect it until the navel is dry. The following 3 principles can be used as a reference. 1. Keep it dry. Before the baby\’s umbilical cord falls off, this area should be kept dry. Especially if it accidentally gets wet in the bath, it should be wiped clean with a clean cotton swab before umbilical cord care. 2. Avoid friction. When choosing diapers, you should pay attention to whether the size is suitable.Do not make the waistband of the diaper just right at the root of the umbilical cord to avoid friction that may cause skin breakage and bleeding at the root of the umbilical cord. 3. Avoid stuffy heat. It is forbidden to use lotion and oil skin care products to apply to the root of the umbilical cord to avoid inflammation of the root of the umbilical cord. If the umbilical cord smells and secretes, you should seek medical attention for the umbilical cord that is about to fall off and the root of the umbilical cord. Occasionally, there will be a smelly and a little yellow secretion. At this time, you should continue to provide umbilical cord care to your baby, and keep the root of the umbilical cord clean at all times. Dry and clean. If the above situation does not improve, or there is inflammation (such as redness, swelling, discharge of secretions, etc.), you should take your baby to see a doctor quickly. Course 8: Poop and Diseases Newborn babies have many different poop colors, each of which represents a different meaning. Possible hidden diseases can be observed from the baby\’s poop. New mothers should check it carefully when changing diapers. . Tips: After the baby is born, he will receive a child health handbook. The \”Baby Poop Color Card\” attached in the handbook is often ignored by mothers, but the color of poop is the issue that newborns need to be most alert to. If your baby suffers from intestinal atresia, you must grasp the golden period of treatment. Full moon: When receiving the hepatitis B vaccine, the stool observation results must also be registered. Within 50 days after birth: diagnosis completed. Within 60 days after birth: surgery completed. 4. Color perspective of baby\’s poop: From the color of the poop, you can tell whether the baby\’s physical condition is healthy. Black-green: Meconium: The baby has not eaten any food after birth, so meconium is formed by bile mixed with the residue and secretions of exfoliated cells in the gastrointestinal tract. It is sticky and not solid, so the meconium of newborns will appear black. green. About 1-2 days after birth, the stool will turn into normal yellow or green. Green: Normal Generally speaking, it is normal for a baby’s poop to range from yellow to green. According to medical theory, yellow to green stools are the result of bile staining, but they may vary slightly due to different diet or intestinal bacteria. Beige, white, or light yellow: bile retention or biliary atresia. If your baby\’s stool is very light or white in color, such as beige, white, or light yellow, it means that bile is not excreted smoothly, that is, there is a problem with the liver, biliary tract, or bile duct. When these abnormal colors appear in the stool, you should be careful to see if your baby has bile retention or biliary atresia. Bright red, dark red, black: gastrointestinal bleeding. If the stool contains bleeding, it is also called bloody stool. Whether it is bright red or dark red, or higher gastrointestinal bleeding, the black stool formed is abnormal. Shit. If the baby\’s stool is red in color, in addition to congenital abnormalities of the intestines, it also indicates bleeding and inflammation in the baby\’s intestines. Common diseases include anal laceration, bacterial gastroenteritis, intussusception, intestinal tangles, etc., or the growth of abnormal masses or polyps in the intestine, or it may be caused by damage to the intestinal mucosa caused by food allergies. Course 9: Parent-child interaction. The interaction with the baby begins as early as pregnancy. After the baby is born, it naturally needs to continue in order to nurture it.Good tacit understanding and intimacy between parents and children. Tips: Parent-child interaction must be cultivated from an early age. Don’t think that the baby is still young and doesn’t understand anything. In fact, the development of various senses begins in the mother’s belly. After the baby is born, stimulation must also be given so that he can grow up healthily and intelligently. Developed during pregnancy: hearing, movement, smell, and touch. Postnatal Development: Vision. Continuous development: hearing, movement, smell, and touch. 5. Sensory stimulation of baby development: Through simple games, you can help stimulate the development of baby\’s vision, hearing, touch, smell and movement. Vision: Babies are more responsive to light, faces, and black and white patterns when they are born. They begin to be interested in brightly colored and moving objects when they are about 3 months old. Games can give babies sound and light stimulation toys. For example: hanging toys in the crib, black and white paintings, or playing peek-a-boo with your baby. Hearing: The fetus\’s hearing has already developed during pregnancy, so from pregnancy to birth, you can start to stimulate your baby\’s hearing. In the game, you can talk and sing to the baby, play some prenatal music or music for the baby, or use sand bell toys to stimulate the baby\’s hearing. Sense of Smell: A 5-month-old fetus already has a sense of smell in its mother\’s belly. According to the findings of psychologists, babies can show very obvious like and dislike reactions to different smells. When they smell the fragrance, they will show a happy expression; when they smell a bad smell, they will show a disgusted expression and will Head turned away. When breastfeeding, the baby can smell the smell of breast milk and mother. Hold the baby more often to familiarize him with the smell of the caregiver, and increase his sense of security and intimacy. Touch As early as the fetal stage, the baby is already in the mother\’s belly and experiences tactile stimulation by sucking his thumb. After birth and before half a year old, the frequency of feeling with the mouth will increase rapidly, but as the fine movements of the hands develop, the frequency of feeling with the mouth will decrease. The game allows the baby to lie on the adult\’s chest to increase the contact area, which can increase his sense of security and close contact with his parents, or wrap his body with a quilt or bath towel, which can make the baby\’s mood more stable and reduce fright. Kinesthetic sense: The fetus will begin to move its limbs during pregnancy, so starting from birth can help the baby move its hands and feet to increase its sense of its own body. During the game, you can help the baby move his hands and feet while changing diapers and clothes, such as bending and straightening both hands (feet) at the same time, or doing bicycle riding movements with both feet, bringing his hands to his chest and clapping, etc. Course 10: Disinfection of Baby Products All feeding equipment must be disinfected before use, even new ones. If it is not used within 24 hours, it must be disinfected again. Sterilized utensils should be taken out with clips to avoid the risk of burns. There are currently 4 types of sterilizers on the market, which can be a good helper for new mothers to sterilize their utensils. Tips: After all the bottles have been used, they can be disinfected, about once in the morning and once in the evening. Traditional Boiling Sterilization Method 4 Key Points 1. Prepare a stainless steel pot. Prepare a stainless steel pot and fill it with clean water. The depth of the water should be enough to completely cover all areas.Have cleaning utensils available. Key point 2: Fill the bottle with water. Fill the bottle and bottle cap with water, so that there is no air at all, so that the bottles and cans will not float upward. Key point 3. Different materials have different boiling methods. Glass baby bottles should be boiled with cold water. After the water boils for 5 minutes, add pacifiers, bottle caps and other plastic products. Cover the pot and cook for another 5 minutes. Then turn on the heat and let it cool down slightly. Remove the pacifier and bottle cap with the clip and put them back on the bottle for later use. Plastic bottles need to be sterilized after the water boils, along with the nipple and milk cap. Key point 4. Avoid burns. When taking out the bottles and pacifiers that have just been boiled and sterilized, use clips to take them out to avoid accidental burns. Modern 4 types of sterilizers There are currently 4 types of sterilizers on the market. Novice parents can choose the disinfection tool that suits their own usage habits after understanding the characteristics of each type. General steam pots use the heat of steam to achieve high-temperature disinfection and sterilization. They are the most commonly used sterilizing pots on the market. Ultraviolet drying uses ultraviolet lamp irradiation to sterilize. The lamp is sterilized at a low temperature of 70°C and dried with warm air. It is suitable for baby products that are not resistant to high temperatures. Rapid steam can achieve high temperature sterilization within 8 minutes. Microwave sterilization box is suitable for carrying out, sterilizing at one time or using when the amount is small.