Article 18 of the new \”Family Planning Law\” stipulates: The state encourages a couple to have two children. If the conditions stipulated in laws and regulations are met, you can request to arrange for the birth of another child. Specific measures shall be formulated by the people\’s congresses of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government or their standing committees. Ethnic minorities must also practice family planning, and specific measures shall be prescribed by the people\’s congresses of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government or their standing committees. If the regulations regarding the birth of children are inconsistent between the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities where the couple\’s household registration is located, the principle that is beneficial to the parties shall apply. Therefore, the second-child policy came into effect on January 1, 2016. As for specific implementation measures, the local people\’s congress will amend the \”Family Planning Regulations\” and provide detailed regulations for the implementation of the second-child policy. In addition, children born before the new law takes effect are illegal and need to pay social support fees. So below, the editor analyzes the pros and cons of the two-child policy through searching various materials, and hopes to give you effective reference opinions.
1. Advantages
The current \”Population and Family Planning Law\” proposes that the country stabilizes the current fertility policy and encourages citizens to marry later and have children later. It is encouraged for a couple to have one child; if the conditions stipulated by laws and regulations are met, they can request arrangements for the birth of a second child.
The fine for having more children also refers to social support fees. Citizens who have more children than meet the requirements of population and family planning laws and regulations shall pay social support fees in accordance with the provisions of these regulations. So what are the specific provisions of the latest policy on fines for over-children? At present, regarding the fine for having more children (that is, the collection of social support fees), it will still be levied after the two-child policy is opened. At present, the collection of social support fees is still based on the \”Population and Family Planning Law\”, and social support fees will be levied for childbirth behaviors that do not comply with the provisions of this law.
Yesterday, the \”Population and Family Planning Law\” was passed and came into effect on January 1, 2016. The biggest change in the law is that a couple is encouraged to have two children. How to collect social support fees when the old and new are changing? A second child born before the new law takes effect is still considered a superborn child and requires social support fees. A second child born after the new law takes effect is legal and does not require social support payments.
It is understood that the current maternity leave for pregnant women mainly consists of basic maternity leave and incentive maternity leave. The basic maternity leave is specified in the \”Special Regulations on Labor Protection of Female Employees\” promulgated by the State Council in 2012, \”Female employees are entitled to 98 days of maternity leave for childbirth, and an additional 15 days of maternity leave should be added if childbirth is difficult.\” Incentive maternity leave includes increased maternity leave for late childbirth and only children.
Maternity leave for late childbirth is stipulated by each province, autonomous region, and municipality in accordance with the provincial family planning regulations. Quite a fewThe region defines the scope of late childbearing as late childbearing for married women who give birth to their first child over the age of 24. Therefore, having a second child does not fall into the category of late childbearing, and you will not be able to enjoy the maternity leave corresponding to the late childbearing reward. Generally, the maternity leave for the second child is only 98 days as specified in the relevant regulations of the State Council.
The newly revised \”Population and Family Planning Law\” was passed and implemented on January 1, 2016. The law eliminates the provision of leave incentives for late marriage and late childbearing. In addition, Article 25 of the Law stipulates that couples who have children in compliance with laws and regulations can receive rewards for extending maternity leave or other benefits. The law does not provide specific and detailed provisions on maternity leave. Literally speaking, whether it is a first child or a second child, you can enjoy extended maternity leave. As for the specific extension period, this requires the standing committees of each local people\’s congress to revise the region\’s family planning regulations and make detailed provisions on the extension time. Before the revision, everyone can enjoy the treatment they deserve according to the old law.
Thus, liberalizing two-child births will not change the basic demographic situation, but it will help alleviate population aging and improve future labor supply. Even if the second-child birth policy is immediately fully liberalized, the aging of China\’s population and the decline of the working-age population will not fundamentally change. However, if the adjustment policy can bring about a certain recovery in fertility levels and an increase in the number of births, it will help improve the population structure and promote long-term balanced development of the population. The universal two-child policy will not bring significant changes to the population situation in the near future. In the next 10 to 15 years, the impact of this policy will gradually become clear. Fully liberalizing the second child at this point will have great positive significance in promoting the rationalization of the entire population structure of China from a macro perspective; from a micro perspective, it will also help rationalize the population structure of each family, especially to a certain extent. Ease the pain of families who have lost their only child.
2. Disadvantages
For some people who do not want to have a second child or even a child, there are three reasons: 1. The red line of the policy is not dare to be crossed. 2. It is difficult to have a child. Women are the same. The third point is also the main reason why most families are unwilling to have more children: the cost of having children is too high. The cost of childbearing is a relatively real thing for rural childbearing subjects. People often examine the economic benefits of children, that is, a comparison of the cost of having a child and the benefits that the child may bring when he or she grows up. The result of this comparison is an important factor affecting the reproductive behavior of rural fertility subjects. The higher cost of childbearing in today\’s society has definitely caused the main body of childbearers to have fewer children, and has also reduced the number of over-birth guerrillas. In addition, Western culture has been introduced into China, and Western concepts of fertility and personal independence have also quietly emerged in rural China. People who grew up in a market economy have absolutely different views on fertility issues than any previous generation. In addition, the intervention of Western culture and people\’s tolerance of premarital sex and homosexuality have also reduced people\’s desire to have children and their expectations for future children. In addition, with the improvement of education level, people\’s concepts have also changed. People realize that in the era of knowledge economy, the focus is on the quality of people rather thanquantity. It is not only necessary to have children, but more importantly, to provide children with good education and make them become talents. The cost of childbirth is getting higher and higher. To raise a child, you often have to pay various expenses. The high cost of childbearing forces parents to give up quantity and focus on quality instead, and they tend to favor eugenics and postnatal care. Urban residents have relatively complete endowment insurance, medical insurance, social security, and pensions, while rural residents do not. Therefore, they think it is more important to raise children to provide for old age. Another difference is that fewer rural residents will choose the option if their finances allow. The main reason is that consumption expenditures in rural areas are less and the cost of raising children is smaller. From the above analysis, it can be seen that the two-child policy is not suitable for full liberalization. It can be implemented on a trial basis for families with financial permission; full liberalization will increase the burden on families and reduce the quality level of the people. It is inconsistent with the country’s strategy of strengthening the country through talent. Therefore, families or regions with economic conditions that allow it can be allowed to have a second child on a trial basis to alleviate the increasingly serious aging of the population in our country and reduce the burden of caring for children. The construction of medical insurance and social security in rural areas should be further improved so that the two-child policy can be tried out after ensuring their pension.
In recent years, the negative effects of unreasonable one-child family structures have been highlighted. Elderly care, children\’s education and even the personality development of the only child have become problems. From the perspective of social security, one-child families are essentially risky families, and the risk lies in their uniqueness. Families that have lost their only child, which is attracting more and more attention from society, are the victims of this risk. According to relevant statistics, there are currently more than one million families in the country that have lost their only child. Parents who have lost their only child are left homeless. This kind of pain can be avoided by adjusting the family planning policy. Therefore, fully liberalizing the second child policy will have a positive and effective effect on optimizing family structure. According to China\’s current birth rate, after reaching a peak in the future, it will enter an accelerated decline process. This is detrimental to consumption in the entire economy. Even now, many second- and third-tier cities have become cities with a net outflow of population, and local real estate and other industries are in recession. If this continues, this trend will become more and more obvious. After fully liberalizing the two-child policy, it will definitely have a stimulating effect on the economy. In the short term, the birth of a wave of newborns will definitely promote the development of the infant market. In the long term, as time goes by, this effect will It is becoming more and more obvious that it plays a huge role in boosting domestic demand. After the \”universal two-child policy\” is relaxed, the average number of new children every year in the future is expected to be around 2.5 million. It will bring new consumption of more than 70 billion every year. In addition, as the new population increases, demand in education, medical care, housing and other fields is bound to increase. A new wave of demographic dividend will come.
