The hypothalamus is the highest center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system under the cerebral cortex, and is the control center of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis. Therefore,lesions of the hypothalamus can cause endocrine dysfunction. Hypothalamic syndrome (HTS) is a group of syndromes caused by various lesions of the hypothalamus, mainly endocrine and metabolic disorders, accompanied by autonomic nervous system dysfunction syndrome, including sleep, body temperature, eating, sexual dysfunction, urinary dysfunction Collapse and mental disorders, etc.
Cause: ① Infectious disease; ② Tumor; ③ Granulomatous damage; ④ Congenital or genetic factors; ⑤ Degenerative diseases; ⑥ Vascular damage; ⑦ Physical factors; ⑧ Cerebral metabolic diseases; ⑨ Drug effects.
Although the hypothalamus is small in size, its functions are very complex. Depending on the location of the disease, it can manifest into complex clinical syndromes.
The pituitary gland is an important part of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis and plays an extremely important role in regulating male reproductive physiological activities. The pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and the corpus luteum. Genitin directly acts on the testicles and affects their function. Compared with other endocrine diseases, pituitary disease will cause more sexual function problems and is closely related to male infertility.
(1) Anterior hypopituitarism:The cause is: ① The most common tumors are pituitary adenomas, such as chromophobe adenomas. ②Neurosurgery, trauma, removal or damage of the pituitary gland. ③ Radiotherapy destroys the pituitary gland. ④Infiltration or infectious diseases, such as leukemia, tuberculosis, etc., infiltrate and destroy the pituitary gland.
Clinical manifestations:
① Symptoms of pituitary space-occupying lesions: headache, vision loss, visual field defect, ophthalmoplegia, craniocerebralgia Various manifestations such as increased internal pressure.
② Symptoms of anterior pituitary hormone deficiency: First, sexual hypofunction: those who develop the disease before development have undeveloped or underdeveloped secondary sexual characteristics, small testicular volume, soft testicles, no nocturnal emissions or sparse semen; Those who develop the disease in adulthood may suffer from loss of pubic and armpit hair and poor erectile function.Dysfunction, testicular atrophy, oligozoospermia. The second is hypothyroidism: indifferent expression, listlessness, slow movement, decreased intelligence and memory, lethargy, low body temperature, loss of appetite, dry skin, less sweating, constipation, etc. The third is adrenal cortical insufficiency: hunger intolerance, often hypoglycemia, easy fatigue, physical weakness, weight loss, poor resistance, susceptibility to infection, and sometimes anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Fourth, insufficient secretion of growth hormone: children develop dwarfism, and adult patients may experience hypoglycemia.
③ Insufficient secretion of hormones from the posterior pituitary gland: polyuria, polydipsia, low urine specific gravity, low osmotic pressure and other symptoms of diabetes insipidus.
④ Anterior hypopituitarism crisis: manifests as a mixture of hypothyroidism and adrenocortical hypofunction, and occurs in the context of infection, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, hunger, cold, surgery, trauma, etc. Crisis is prone to occur.
(2) Pituitary dwarfism:Retarded body growth, short body, adult height less than 130 cm ; Delicate skin, less and soft hair; retarded bone development, bone age is delayed by more than 2 years, and epiphyseal fusion is late; sexual organs are underdeveloped, lack of secondary sexual characteristics, penis is as small as in infancy, testicles are as small as soybeans, and often have hidden symptoms. Testicles; no sexual desire, no sperm production, beard, armpit hair, and pubic hair do not grow, and the voice sounds like a child; but the intelligence is commensurate with age.
(3) Acromegaly and gigantism:Thickened, greasy skin, increased hair; hands and feet Thickness and hypertrophy; enlargement of the tongue, lips, and ears; enlargement of the skull, maxilla, forehead, eyebrow arch, and occipital tuberosity, protrusion of the mandible, protrusion of the lower teeth, and ugly appearance; enlargement of the heart, prone to tachyarrhythmia and heart failure; headache , unstable mental state, irritability, excessive sweating, and general muscle weakness; in men, in the early stages of the disease, sexual desire can be enhanced, but then it gradually decreases, external genital atrophy, erectile dysfunction, and even infertility.
This article is provided by Baidu Reading and is excerpted from \”The Clear \”Conception\” Plan\” Author: Sun Jianqiu and Xie Yingbiao