Read in one article, all the knowledge points about raising children aged 0-2!

Some people say that raising a baby is like leveling up a game, one step at a time. Naotao wants to say that raising a baby is much more difficult than playing a game. The game also involves forming a team, upgrading, and buying equipment. If you really can\’t give up, start another one. Is it okay to raise a baby? Just a pig teammate, useless at critical moments. Do you dare to abandon your baby if she disobeys? Not only does it cost money to be sick, it also causes physical and mental suffering! Raising a baby is definitely the most difficult game you will ever choose in your life, bar none. From birth to 2 years old, you may encounter various problems, which are overwhelming, leaving parents overwhelmed and exhausted both physically and mentally. Don’t believe it, I will take you back to the (difficult) time to review ~ 1. Heel blood screening. Newborn screening is performed 3 days after the baby is born. The newborn’s heel blood will be collected to test for genetic metabolic diseases and congenital diseases. Screening for secretion abnormalities and certain serious hereditary diseases. If the screening result is normal, the baby\’s parents will not be notified; usually only if the screening result is abnormal, the baby\’s parents will be contacted for a timely review! 2. Occipital baldness Occipital baldness is caused by excessive friction between the baby\’s headrest and the pillow or bed surface. Once the baby can sit, stand and walk, the friction will be reduced and the hair will grow back evenly. 3. Eczema For mild eczema, you can use mild, non-irritating moisturizer and apply it to the affected area of ​​the baby. The first choice for the treatment of moderate to severe eczema is topical weak hormone ointment, which can control the eczema through the process (skin matures and adapts). After the hormone medication is stopped, continue to apply moisturizer every day as a preventive measure. 4. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction in babies with excessive eye feces will usually resolve on its own between 6 and 9 months old. During this period, you can use warm, clean cotton towels to help your baby remove the secretions, and then massage the lower part of the inner canthus of the eye (under the inner corner of the eye) with your hands. The root of the bridge of the nose) to promote the smooth flow of the nasolacrimal duct. If the massage has no effect or you find that your baby\’s eyes are red and swollen and appear to be infected, you should consider seeking medical treatment, listen to your doctor, and consider further active treatment. 5. Late teething: The first tooth of a baby with late teething usually erupts at 6 months after birth, or as early as four months, or as late as 12 months, and even in a very small number of normal babies, the eruption time is 18 months. Just teething. The sooner or later teeth erupt has nothing to do with calcium deficiency, but more to do with genetics. If you are worried that your baby has not yet erupted teeth after 12 months, you can see a reliable dentist. 6. Bad breath: There is a peculiar smell in the mouth of a baby, which may be caused by the residue in the mouth after eating food. After your baby\’s first tooth appears, you need to brush your baby\’s teeth. In addition to the problem of food residues, irregular eating habits and poor digestion of babies can also cause oral odor. Babies should use their own utensils alone and do not chew rice to feed them. 7. O-shaped legs. O-shaped legs are also called genu varum. Many babies have mild O-shaped legs when they are about 1 year old. As they grow, they will have mild X-shaped legs, and then they will return to normal. In rare cases, O-shaped legs and X-shaped legs are caused by diseases. When it is found that the baby\’s legs are severely bent, only one side is damaged, the left and right are asymmetrical, and the baby\’s legs are seriously worsened after the age of 2, and there are still cases at the age of 7 or 8. If the child\’s underbelly is obviously visible and the height is much lower than that of children of the same age, attention should be paid to it and intervention and treatment should be given. 8. If the frostbitten area is itchy, it is recommended to apply [Calamine Lotion] first to relieve the itching; when there are blisters and blisters rupture to form ulcers,It is best to ask a doctor for treatment to avoid improper treatment, aggravating the disease and causing complications. Generally, doctors will give babies [topical antibiotic ointment] to prevent infection. Don’t worry, most antibiotic ointments are safe for external use (most domestically used [Bidaobang ointment, chlortetracycline ointment], etc.). It is totally wrong to put your baby\’s frostbitten hands over a fire to raise the hand temperature. It will only make the frostbite worse~! 9. Always shaking your head while sleeping may be a normal phenomenon such as uncomfortable environment, light sleep cycle, expression of wishes, or immature neurological development. Parents do not need to worry. For restless sleep caused by eczema, vitamin D deficiency or otitis media, parents need to pay special attention to identify the situation and treat it accordingly. 10. Curiosity, ear infections, auricular eczema, imperfect inner ear development, teething, etc. may cause babies to scratch their ears. Parents should observe whether the baby has the above problems before proceeding with further treatment. 11. Babies who spit up milk will swallow some air when feeding. If they are irritable, struggling, crying, etc., they need to stop feeding, otherwise they will swallow more air, increase discomfort, and cause spitting up. It is necessary to pause and adjust the position between breastfeeding to slow down the baby\’s swallowing speed, reduce the amount of air swallowed, and burp when the baby switches sides to suck; burp is required after every 60 to 90 ml of formula milk. Not all vomiting is simply spitting up. If some babies have frequent vomiting in the newborn period, a large amount of vomiting, and vomiting after eating, then they need to go to the hospital for treatment. Remember to perform a pyloric ultrasound examination if necessary to understand whether there is pyloric hypertrophy. Conditions leading to pyloric stenosis. Whether surgery is needed will be further determined by the pediatric surgeon based on the baby\’s symptoms and examination results. Some babies do have pyloric hypertrophy, leading to pyloric stenosis, which requires timely surgical treatment. 12. Burp ● Burp on the shoulder ① Hold the baby\’s back with one hand, drag the baby\’s butt with the other, hold the baby upright on the chest, lean the head on the parent\’s arm, the adult can tilt the body slightly Tilt back. ② Hold the baby\’s butt with one hand, and gently pat the baby\’s back with the other hand. ● Burping with hands ① First support the baby\’s chin with your index finger and thumb, then use the remaining three fingers to support the baby\’s chest, and then use the forearm of the other hand to support the baby and sit on the parent\’s knee. ② Support the baby\’s chest and head with one hand, and gently pat the baby\’s back with the other hand to help the gas escape. Pay attention to the degree of burping. If you burp too lightly, it will not have any effect; if you burp too hard, it will hurt the baby. If there is still no burping after a few minutes, just continue breastfeeding. Then try to burp the baby after he is full, and then hold the baby upright for 10 to 15 minutes to prevent vomiting. 13. Hiccups It is normal for babies to hiccup, so parents should not worry. If you hiccup while feeding, you can change your position and try to burp your baby, and wait until the hiccups stop before feeding again. If the hiccups do not stop automatically after 5-10 minutes, try breastfeeding for a few minutes, which usually stops the hiccups. Try to feed when you are quiet and don\’t wait until you are very hungry. This can usually reduce hiccups during feeding. 14. The dry scalp that easily flakes off on a baby with cradle cap looks veryLike dandruff, wash your hair with a mild shampoo no more than once a week. Washing too hard and too frequently will make your scalp drier and make \”cradle cap\” more serious. For more severe \”cradle cap\”, you can apply some cold-pressed vegetable oil or cream (Vaseline, Yumeijing) on ​​the scalp, and gently massage it for about 15 minutes to soften and absorb it; then use a soft baby toothbrush (after softening), Gently remove flaking; wash away excess oil with mild shampoo. 15. Mongolian spots: Newborn babies have cyan birthmarks on their buttocks, hands, feet, and backs. The shapes are usually round, oval, or square, and the borders are not obvious. They are commonly known as \”Mongolian spots.\” The formation of Mongolian spots is mainly caused by the migration of melanocytes to the epidermis during the embryo and stays in the deep dermis. As the baby grows up, it will gradually disappear and does not require treatment. 16. Time for complementary feeding. The time recognized by various countries for adding complementary feeding is basically around 6 months of age. The 2016 \”Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents\” specifically pointed out that exclusive breastfeeding should be adhered to within 6 months of age, and complementary foods should be added from 6 months of age onwards. Generally, depending on the baby\’s growth and development, you can try to add complementary foods starting from 4 to 6 months old. In addition to the key data of 4 to 6 months, it is more important to pay attention to the disappearance of the tongue thrust reflex, the ability of the baby to maintain a sitting position, and the beginning of interest in adult food. When these conditions are met, it’s time to add complementary foods! 17. Horse Teeth: When most babies are 4-6 weeks after birth, some small yellow-white dots appear on both sides of the midline of the upper jaw and on the edge of the gums, which look like growing teeth. In medicine, they are called epithelial beads, which are formed by the pushing of epithelial cells. They are a normal physiological phenomenon and not a disease. Most of them can fall off on their own and require no special treatment. 18. If the baby eats his hands normally, parents don’t need to pay too much attention. However, if the fingers are deformed, the skin is broken, the upper wall of the mouth (palate) is broken, or the teeth are misaligned, intervention is required. You can give your baby more comfort after each feeding; play more hands-on games with your baby; wash your hands and clean your fingers frequently; if your baby is willing to accept a pacifier, you can also use a pacifier instead of eating from your hands, etc. 19. Erosion in baby\’s skin folds is commonly known as \”drowned neck\” and usually appears on the baby\’s neck, groin, etc. During daily care, pay attention to areas with wrinkles. If there is any dirt, clean it off and gently dry it. When holding an older baby, keep the head as far back as possible to keep it ventilated and dry. For topical application, Parexone is applied twice daily for one week. 20. Fetal hair (shaving the head) The fetal hair that babies come with when they are born, whether black and yellow or thick or thin, will gradually fall off within 6 months and then be replaced by mature hair. So you don’t have to shave it deliberately, it will fall off on its own. 21. Trace element examination, whether it is the trace element examination of the baby in the hospital or the trace element examination in the maternal and infant store, is not required. As early as 2013, the country stopped testing trace elements as a physical examination item. 22. Fontanelle: The posterior fontanel of a baby usually closes when the baby is 2 to 3 months old. We usually see that the fontanel in front of the baby will close around 18 months on average and no later than 24 months at the latest. This is normal. preciousThere is a thick dura mater under Bao\’s fontanel to protect the brain, so although it is very weak, it can still be touched gently, so parents don\’t need to be particularly nervous. When washing your hair, gently wipe the fontanelle area. 23. Why do people with constipation and diarrhea sometimes not see the effect of taking probiotics? If you want probiotics to be effective, you must first eat the right \”strain\” of bacteria, and a \”sufficient amount\” of \”live bacteria\” must reach the intestines to be effective. Can you ensure that your children receive a sufficient number of live \”bacteria\” to treat the disease on weekdays? Furthermore, there is not enough research to support the efficacy of probiotics when it comes to constipation. What is more effective for constipation are prebiotics, which are various oligosaccharides, such as galacto-oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, inulin, etc., which are also dietary fibers. These ingredients may be more effective for constipation. For diarrhea, the \”Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Infectious Diarrhea in Children in China\” recommends probiotics for early treatment of acute viral diarrhea, but its sole use is not recommended for invasive bacterial infectious diarrhea. For acute watery diarrhea, Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus are highly recommended. For antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Saccharomyces boulardii is recommended. 24. Rotavirus diarrhea: After most babies with diarrhea see a doctor, the doctor will give corresponding treatment according to the baby\’s condition. For some children, routine stool routine, stool rotavirus antigen test and stool culture test may be recommended. Children with suspected dehydration and electrolyte imbalance may have blood tests. A positive stool rotavirus antigen test can confirm the diagnosis of rotavirus enteritis. There is no specific treatment for rotavirus enteritis. Treatment mainly includes: prevention and treatment of dehydration, symptomatic treatment of fever, diet and auxiliary treatment. 25. Acute laryngitis in children is characterized by barking cough, hoarseness, inspiratory laryngorrhea accompanied by dyspnea. It occurs more frequently in winter and spring, and is more common in infants and young children aged 6 months to 3 years old. Acute laryngitis is a common emergency in children, which can cause progressive breathing difficulties and can even be life-threatening in severe cases. The main symptoms of acute laryngitis are barking cough, hoarseness, inspiratory laryngitis, and difficulty breathing. In mild cases, breathing speeds up, in severe cases, the nose is flaring, and the three-dimple sign appears during inhalation, that is, obvious depressions appear in the suprasternal fossa, supraclavicular fossa, and intercostal space during inhalation. In severe cases, the lips and limbs may appear due to hypoxia. Terminal cyanosis, irritability, pale complexion, rapid heart rate, and profuse sweating. Symptoms are generally mild during the day and worsen after falling asleep at night. Acute laryngitis may or may not be accompanied by fever. The most dangerous symptom of acute laryngitis in children is laryngeal obstruction. If those with laryngeal obstruction are not rescued in time, they may suffocate and die. If parents are unable to judge the baby\’s condition and the baby develops a typical barking cough or hoarseness, they should seek medical treatment promptly to avoid delaying the best opportunity for treatment. 26. Thrush prevention and treatment: In addition to alleviating the symptoms of oral thrush, the key to treatment is to control fungal infection and cut off the source of infection. Applying 2% sodium bicarbonate solution locally to the oral cavity can inhibit the growth of Candida. The antifungal drug nystatin suspension or nystatin tablets are dissolved and applied to the affected area of ​​the oral cavity, and the effect is good. At the same time, strengthen nutrition and pay attention to oral hygiene. Do not stop medication at will. The course of treatment must be sufficient to completely eliminate the disease.source. 27. Urgent rash in young children. Urgent rash in young children mostly occurs under the age of two, and is most common between 6 and 18 months old. The first high fever in babies after 6 months of age is often caused by acute rash in young children. The main manifestation is sudden high fever, with body temperature as high as 39.5°C to 40°C, or even higher, which persists or fluctuates. During the period of rising body temperature, a few babies have febrile convulsions, which may be accompanied by runny nose, light cough, nausea, vomiting, and defecation. Symptoms include increased frequency, but most symptoms are not serious. Generally, high fever suddenly drops to normal when it lasts for 3-4 days, and a rash appears when the fever subsides or a few hours to 1-2 days after the fever subsides. 28. DHA Breast milk with a reasonable diet is rich in DHA, which can meet the needs of the child\’s nervous system development. Therefore, wet nurses who eat a reasonable diet and breastfed full-term infants do not need to supplement DHA. For formula-fed babies, try to choose formula milk powder containing DHA, in which the DHA content should be 0.2-0.5% of total fat. No additional supplement is required to ensure milk supply. Children under 3 years old who are adding complementary foods after 6 months or who no longer drink formula milk or breast milk can meet their needs by adjusting their diet and eating some DHA-rich foods. The main sources of DHA in the diet are: ✔Fish and seafood: mackerel, salmon, sea bass, golden pomfret, small yellow croaker, saury; shrimp, crab, shellfish; kelp, seaweed, etc. ✔Vegetable oils: Flaxseed oil, perilla seed oil, and walnut oil are rich in DHA precursor α-linolenic acid, which can be converted into DHA in the body, but the conversion efficiency is not high, about 1%. It is not as convenient as eating fish directly. Efficient. ✔Others: Nuts such as walnuts, flax seeds, chia seeds, etc., egg yolks. Recommendation: Eat fish and shrimp 2-3 times a week; diversify your cooking oil, including flaxseed oil and perilla seed oil; if you are allergic to fish and shrimp, you can choose an appropriate dose of DHA supplement and eat walnuts in moderation. 29. For mild saliva rash, after cleaning around the mouth, apply moisturizing and moisturizing cream several times. If you are worried about accidental ingestion, you can apply it during sleep, and apply natural and non-irritating olive oil during the day. Severe drool rash requires prompt medical treatment. 30. Prickly heat If the prickly heat is not too serious, you don’t need to take medicine. Just wear less coverings, keep cool, have good air circulation, bathe frequently, change clothes frequently, and make sure you don\’t get too hot and sweat. If your baby is itchy and the skin is not damaged, you can apply calamine lotion to relieve itching. Avoid scratching to avoid infection. If you have prickly heat infection, you should use medication rationally under the guidance of a doctor.